Verwertung von Trimethylammoniumverbindungen durch Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

Zusammenfassung Die Verwertung von Carnitin und Carnitinderivaten (O-Acylcarnitine, Carnitincarboxyl-derivate) und strukturverwandten Trimethylammoniumverbindungen (Betaine und Stickstoffbasen) durch Acinetobacter calcoaceticus wurde anhand des Wachstums und des quantitativen Nachweises der Metabolite untersucht. Der Stamm wuchs auf l-Carnitin, l-O-Acylcarnitinen und -Butyrobetain als jeweils einziger C-Quelle. Der Verbrauch dieser Verbindungen und das Wachstum korrelierten mit der Spaltung der C-N-Bindung und mit dem gebildeten Trimethylamin. d-Carnitin wurde metabolisiert, wenn als zusätzliche C-Quelle l-Carnitin im Nährmedium vorhanden war, oder wenn die Bakterien mit l-oder dl-Carnitin vorinkubiert worden waren. Mit d-Carnitin als einziger C-Quelle wuchsen die Bakterien jedoch nicht. Die Bakterien oxidierten Cholin zu Glycinbetain in Gegenwart einer zusätzlichen C-Quelle, Glycinbetain selbst wurde nicht assimiliert. In Hinsicht auf den Abbau quaternärer Stickstoffverbindungen besitzt Acinetobacter calcoaceticus im Vergleich zu anderen Carnitin-verwertenden Bakterienarten einen für ihn charakteristischen Stoffwechselweg.

---

Utilization of trimethylammonium-compounds by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

The utilization of carnitine and carnitine derivatives (O-acylcarnitines, carnitine carboxylderivatives) and structure-related trimethylammonium-compounds (betaines and nitrogen-bases) by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was studied by means of the control of growth and the quantitative detection of metabolites. The strain grew only on l-carnitine, l-O-acylcarnitines, and -butyrobetaine as the sole carbon sources. The utilization of these compounds and the growth correlated with the cleavage of the C-N bond and thereby with the formation of trimethylamine. d-Carnitine was metabolized, if an additional carbon source, like l-carnitine, was present in the incubation mixture, or if the bacteria were preincubated with l-or dl-carnitine, but no growth was observed on d-carnitine as the sole carbon source. The bacteria oxidized choline to glycinebetaine in the presence of additional carbon sources, glycinebetaine itself was not assimilated. With regard to the catabolism of quaternary nitrogen compounds Acinetobacter calcoaceticus shows a different pathway in comparison with other bacterial species metabolizing carnitine.

     

Synthesis and antibiofilm evaluation of 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives against opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii

The emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms has triggered the impending need for new aitimicrobial strategies. The antivirulence strategy with the benefite of alleviating the drug resistance becomes the focus of research. In this study, 22 quorum sensing inhibitors were synthesized by mimicking the structure of autoinducer and acinetobactin and up to 34% biofilm inhibition was observed with 5u. The biofilm inhibition effect was further demonstrated with extracellular polysaccharides inhibition and synergism with Gentamycin sulphate.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的:探讨多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDR-Ab)的耐药性及其耐药基因,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2018年12月鲍曼不动杆菌感染的住院患者信息。使用VITEK-32微生物分析仪/梅里埃药敏卡片GN13鉴定MDR-Ab 95株。采用聚合酶链式反应(多重PCR)检测MDR-Ab携带相关耐药基因。结果:95株MDR-Ab对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率为100%。对氨苄西林-舒巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率分别为95.79%和81.05%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南耐药率分别为56.84%和57.89%,对庆大霉素和阿米卡星耐药率均为88.42%,对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为100%和88.42%,对四环素、米诺环素、替加环素耐药率分别为87.37%、16.84%和9.47%,对多粘菌素B耐药率为1.05%。95株MDR-Ab中携带β-内酰胺酶中A类酶耐药基因TEM、PER分别95株和25株,D类酶耐药基因OXA-51、carO和adeB各95株,OXA-23基因90株。携带消毒剂耐药基因qacE 60株。携带16S r RNA甲基化酶耐药基因armA 75株。每株MDR-Ab除携带TEM+carO+adeB+OXA-51四种基因外,另同时携带四种基因20株(21.05%),三种基因38株(40.00%)。结论:MDR-Ab对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,携带的耐药基因型主要为TEM、carO、adeB及OXA-51。携带多种耐药基因是MDR-Ab耐药重要原因。加强医院感染防控、合理应用抗菌药物对于延缓泛鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性发展具有重要的临床意义。     

我院2015-2018年度抗菌药物的使用强度与鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性的关系研究

摘要 目的：分析我院2015-2018年度抗菌药物的使用强度与鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性的关系。方法：统计2015年1月～2018年12月北京中医医院顺义医院抗菌药物的应用情况以及鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性。鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性资料来源于检验科临床送检的伤口分泌物、痰液、血液、尿液等病原学标本。结果：2015年～2018年,共分离到菌株13246株,其中分离到鲍曼不动杆菌株1927株,分离率为14.55 %。其中 2015 年的分离率为3.11 %,2016年的分离率为4.51 %,2017 年的分离率为5.15 %,2018 年的分离率为2.11 %;鲍曼不动杆菌标本分离率最高的为痰液,占78.83 %,其次为伤口分泌物,占12.51 %,尿液标本占5.81 %,血液标本占2.85 %;鲍曼不动杆菌在我院所有致病菌中的排序均为第一位或者第二位;2015年～2018年抗菌药物的使用强度逐年升高,2018年有所降低;2015年～2018年鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、美洛培南以及亚胺培南的耐药率均逐年升高,2018年有所降低;哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、美洛培南以及亚胺培南的耐药性与抗菌药物使用强度之间具有明显的相关性（P<0.05）。结论：哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、美洛培南以及亚胺培南的使用,是造成鲍曼不动杆菌耐药的重要原因之一,临床应加以重视。     

Quorum-sensing system in Acinetobacter baumannii: a potential target for new drug development

Acinetobacter baumannii causes several nosocomial infections and poses major threat when it is multidrug resistant. Even pan drug-resistant strains have been reported in some countries. The intensive care unit (ICU) mortality rate ranged from 45.6% to 60.9% and it is as high as 84.3% when ventilator-associated pneumonia was caused by XDR (extensively drug resistant) A. baumannii. Acinetobacter baumannii constituted 9.4% of all Gram-negative organisms throughout the hospital and 22.6% in the ICUs according to a study carried out in an Indian hospital. One of the major factors contributing to drug resistance in A. baumannii infections is biofilm development. Quorum sensing (QS) facilitates biofilm formation and therefore the search for ‘quorum quenchers’ has increased recently. Such compounds are expected to inhibit biofilm formation and hence reduce/prevent development of drug resistance in the bacteria. Some of these compounds also target synthesis of some virulence factors (VF). Several candidate drugs have been identified and are at various stages of drug development. Since quorum quenching, inhibition of biofilm formation and inhibition of VF synthesis do not pose any threat to the DNA replication and cell division of the bacteria, chances of resistance development to such compounds is presumably rare. Thus, these compounds ideally qualify as adjunct therapeutics and could be administered along with an antibiotic to reduce chances of resistance development and also to increase the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. This review describes the state-of-art in QS process in Gram-negative bacteria in general and in A. baumannii in particular. This article elaborates the nature of QS mediators, their characteristics, and the methods for their detection and quantification. Various potential sites in the QS pathway have been highlighted as drug targets and the candidate quorum quenchers which inhibit the mediator’s synthesis or function are enlisted.     

鲍曼不动杆菌体外诱导耐药及其诱导前后交叉耐药和呼吸耗氧率分析

【背景】鲍曼不动杆菌是院内感染的重要病原菌,因其耐药率高、治疗难度大而备受关注。然而,对于该菌的交叉耐药及耐药相关因素尚未完全阐明。【目的】通过体外诱导分别获得耐美罗培南或耐替加环素的鲍曼不动杆菌菌株,并研究其诱导前后的交叉耐药性和细菌呼吸耗氧率差异。【方法】采用多步法对鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606进行体外诱导耐药,PCR扩增诱导前后菌株的16S rRNA基因并测序鉴定,微量肉汤稀释法检测诱导前后鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、替加环素、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟及左氧氟沙星等抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度变化,Seahorse XF~e96细胞能量代谢实时测定仪对诱导前后菌株的耗氧率进行分析。【结果】通过88d的体外诱导实验,分别获得耐美罗培南或耐替加环素的鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606菌株。耐美罗培南鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对替加环素、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星仍处于敏感状态,但是对头孢吡肟交叉耐药;耐替加环素鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星及头孢吡肟仍处于敏感状态。鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606被美罗培南或替加环素诱导耐药之后的耗氧率均下降,差异均具有统计学意义。【结论】美罗培南的使用不仅可能诱导鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南耐药,也可能会导致该菌对其它一种或几种抗菌药物产生交叉耐药。鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南或替加环素耐药后其耗氧率下降,从而说明呼吸耗氧率下降可能是该菌耐药的因素之一。     

Aluminium oxide nanoparticles inhibit EPS production,adhesion and biofilm formation by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii is a biofilm forming multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogen responsible for respiratory tract infections. In this study, aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃ NPs) were synthesized and characterized by TEM and EDX and shown to be spherical shaped nanoparticles with a diameter < 10?nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the Al₂O₃ NPs ranged between 125 and 1,000?µg ml^?1. Exposure to NPs caused cellular membrane disruption, indicated by an increase in cellular leakage of the contents. Biofilm inhibition was 11.64 to 70.2%, whereas attachment of bacteria to polystyrene surfaces was reduced to 48.8 to 51.9% in the presence of NPs. Nanoparticles also reduced extracellular polymeric substance production and the biomass of established biofilms. The data revealed the non-toxic nature of Al₂O₃ NPs up to a concentrations of 120?µg ml^?1 in HeLa cell lines. These results demonstrate an effective and safer use of Al₂O₃ NPs against the MDR A. baumannii by targeting biofilm formation, adhesion and EPS production.     

Conformational stability of OXA-51 β-lactamase explains its role in carbapenem resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii, an important nosocomial pathogen, is increasingly becoming resistant to antibiotics including recent β-lactam like imipenem. Production of different types of β-lactamases is one of the major resistance mechanisms which bacteria adapt. We recently reported the presence of a β-lactamase, OXA-51, in clinical strains of A. baumannii in ICUs of our hospital. This study is an attempt to understand the structure–function relationship of purified OXA-51 in carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii. The OXA-51 was cloned, expressed in E. coli Bl-21(DE3) and further purified. The in vitro enzyme activity of purified OXA-51 was confirmed by two independent techniques; in-gel assay and spectrophotometric method using nitrocefin. Further in vivo effect of OXA-51 was followed by transmission electron microscopy of bacterium. Biophysical and biochemical investigations of OXA-51 were done using LC-MS/MS, UV–Vis absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroic spectroscopy and isothermal calorimetry. Native OXA-51 was characterized as 30.6?kDa, pI 8.43 with no disulphide bonds and comprising of 30% α-helix, 27% β-sheet. Secondary structure of OXA-51 was significantly unchanged in broad pH (4–10) and temperature (30–60?°C) range with only local alterations at tertiary structural level. Interestingly, enzymatic activity up to 75% was retained under above conditions. Hydrolysis of imipenem by OXA-51 (k_m,1?μM) was found to be thermodynamically favourable. In the presence of imipenem, morphology of sensitive strain of A. baumannii was drastically changed, while OXA-51-transformed sensitive strain retained the stable coccobacillus shape, which demonstrates that imipenem is able to kill sensitive strain but is unable to do so in OXA-51-transformed strain. Hence the production of pH- and temperature-stable OXA-51 appears to be a major determinant in the resistance mechanisms adopted by A. baumannii in order to evade even the latest β-lactams, imipenem. It can be concluded from the study that OXA-51 plays a vital role in the survival of the pathogen under stress conditions and thus poses a major threat.     

N-acyl homoserine lactone mediated interspecies interactions between A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa

Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are pathogens capable of colonizing the same infection sites and employing N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) based quorum-sensing systems to co-ordinate biofilm formation. Hence, the effect of P. aeruginosa AHLs on biofilm formation by A. baumannii and vice versa were investigated using the biofilm impaired quorum sensing mutants, A. baumannii M2 (abaI::Km) and P. aeruginosa PAO-JP2. Complementing the mutants with heterologous, extracted and pure AHLs increased biofilm mass significantly. The surface area coverage and biovolume also increased significantly as observed by confocal scanning laser microscopy which corroborated scanning electron microscope analysis. Autoinducer synthase gene promoters of A. baumannii, P _abaI-lacZ, and P. aeruginosa, P _lasI-lacZ, were induced (p < 0.05) by heterologous AHLs. Growth of A. baumannii was not inhibited by pyocyanin of P. aeruginosa which may allow their co-existence and interaction in the clinical setting, thereby affecting the severity of combined infections and therapeutic measures to control them.     

Struvite Precipitation Induced by a Novel Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4 Isolated from River Sediment

This article presents a study of struvite formation in liquid medium induced by the sulfate-reducing bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4, a strain isolated from river sediment. We identified the bacterial strain A. calcoaceticus SRB4 and analyzed its micromorphology. The minerals formed were studied with an electroprobe microanalyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4 was found to induce struvite precipitation, whereas sterile control cultures did not. Many transparent stick-shaped struvite precipitates were distributed at the bottom of the conical flasks in the experimental group. Most bacteria were spherical and a large quantity of spherical struvite particles (less than 200 nm in diameter) adhered to the bacterial surface. An electron probe microanalysis showed that the precipitates contained C, O, P, Mg, and other elements. Fourier transformation infrared spectra showed that the precipitates contained crystalline water, NH₄⁺, and PO₄^3? groups. X-ray diffraction spectra showed that the precipitates were struvite crystals, with preferential orientation and lattice distortion. Thermogravimetry showed that the weight loss was caused by the evaporation of crystalline water at temperatures lower than 136°C and the release of ammonia from struvite at temperatures of 136–228.5°C. In this article, we discuss the possible mechanism of struvite formation and the possible role played by A. calcoaceticus SRB4. Our study extends our understanding of the phosphate biomineralization mechanism and should prove useful in recycling phosphorus in wastewater.